Wedding Programme Reception

Generating temporary

A short documentary film on the student protest in Naples on Channel 21 November 22, 2008. Construction of Walter Benjamin, Daniel and Medowie for the School of Journalism Suor Orsola Benincasa in Naples, directed by Paolo Mieli.

Scorpio Man Is Giving Me Space

02/12/2008 Torchlight

Tuesday, December 2, at 17:30, the Piazza del Gesu start a torchlight parade that will see students of the school along with precarious.

Matryoska Doll In The Philiippines

Assembly Activities

Thursday 13/11/2008-L 'assembly of groups of information and communication, with overall coordination, is at 13.30 in the courtyard Santa Caterina.

Dishlex 300 Manual Blog

self

to subsidize the activities of the movement you're all invited to take part in events for the day November 12:
St. Marcellin social lunch
POWER 'OF LETTERS (via port mass) from 16 different concerts : 00 to 18:00
EAST (palace Giusso): drink from 18:00 to 20:00 EAST
(Palazzo Corigliano): social dinner from 20:00 to 22:00
PIAZZA SAN DOMENICO MAGGIORE-Decumana- Piazza del Gesu ': several initiatives of street artists from 22:00 to 24:00
ARCHITECTURE (Gravina Palace): feast from 24:00 onwards
All these initiatives are for self-financing to cover all the different and the cost of travel and march in Rome on 14-11.

Ocean City Houses For A Week

trains and accommodations for national demonstration STOP133 7/11/2008

STOP 133
14/11/2008-ROMA-MANIFESTAZIONE NATIONAL
The CGL in accordance with the "student movement Campania" was made available to those who would like to participate in the national event to promote the repeal of 133 , of special trains will leave from Naples Central Station at 06:30 on the fourteenth day . The ticket costs five euro, available by 12.00 am on Thursday morning, and is valid for roundtrip (only if on the same day, if someone decides to come back the next day or stay in Rome must pay back with the regular rate). the occupied faculties, including the University of Naples "L'Orientale", offer the chance to stay in their structures on the evening of November 13 in order to allow those who live far away an easier way to reach the place meeting.
To purchase tickets:
Luca Salvo: 339-32 01 927

E-mail: lucariell82@hotmail.it

Is The Cervix Lower Before A Period

we enter the field (pardon the semi-Berlusconi quote if you can)


There was a time in which few students of Sister Ursula who descended on the streets to protest is camouflaged in the crowd. A time where their protest was more than a gasp. There was, prior to November 7. What first looked like a rattle grew in intensity, becoming a whisper, then a murmur, voice, and finally a scream. Screams echoed in the streets, along with those of thousands of other students threatened by the 133 and the Gelmini reform that, like the blade of a guillotine, pounced on exile neck of schools and universities. Now students of Suor Orsola Benincasa gather behind a banner that proudly accomp agna other universities, schools and movements, in their protest. Attest ano its participation and show solidarity with all those other universities that have already mobilized as the Eastern and Federico II of Naples.

were twenty-five thousand seconds in the official organs (forty thousand seconds organizers) from Piazza Mancini and follow the path that winds along Corso U m up to berto get to the square of el Plebiscito, through Partanna palace, home of C onfindustria, then return via Mezzocannone. The 'wave' has invaded the streets for more than five hours, between banners and chants, wading out from the fairy tales and the launch of "bombs" of water against the door of the building that houses Confindustria (the peaceful symbolic act). The demonstrators then r accepted at the meeting in the square of the Plebiscite, extending between the columns of the portico of the church San Francesco di Paola their banners and taking turns at the microphones.

If we stop the future, we block the city. So it was !

But that of the Neapolitan t animal is not an isolated voice. On 7 November took to the streets to protest, students and movements of more than ten cities including Milan, Rome, Bari, Cagliari, Macerata, Reggio Calabar estuary, Catanzaro, Genoa, Oristano, Latin America and Salerno.
According to the estimate of only 18,500 police stations have experienced students, the total amount of protesters in several cities . Personally, weep invites those who have derived these estimates back to school before to the reintroduction of single teacher (with "they" did not appear to have done a good job).
Students, teachers, researchers, university students shouted and will continue to cry out to ensure nobody can to continue to pretend not to hear the voice of a victim people of their government when the government same should be the embodiment of voice of their people. One

studenteNONindifferente

Remedy Swollen Eyelid

Article on Republic of Thursday November 6, 2008 Manifesto of the student movement

[...] Yesterday afternoon I spoke, at the meeting, the boys of Federico II and the 'Eastern high schools (employed or not) and even the Suor Orsola Benincasa. who decided to make its voice against the Gelmini : with an assembly attended by over 200 boys yesterday and the creation of a collective inter. "Participating in the event 7 November," wrote the team in a document. "We also called for November 10, an assembly university to which we invite the rector Francesco De Sanctis, the professors and students." [...]

Something About Tsunade Comic

Suor Orsola Benincasa - doc.0100

On November 4, 2008, for the first time, some students of Sister Ursula gathered at the meeting to discuss the issues of student protest in recent weeks that affects the whole ' Italy. The protest, which involves students of all ages, but also teachers, researchers, school personnel, began as a rejection of the reform of Law 133 and 137, known as the Gelmini decree.

Despite the delay in the Suor Orsola decide to form an active part in the protest, with the Assembly of 4 and one that was held on 5 it has come to decide our full participation in the student movement .

Such participation and want to take the form of some specific initiatives.

• The formation of groups that deal with communication and information , this is because everyone understands what you are talking about when you say the student protest, but also why it is important show that this university is compact and proactive in joining the protest. The groups are open to anyone who wants to contribute to raise awareness as many people as possible.
• Participation by students in the parade of November 7, 2008 organized by all the universities in Campania mobilization
• Participation in the national demonstration to be held in Rome November 14, 2008

E 'was also resolved that all documents relating to the student protests of Sister Ursula will be signed with the following code:

STUDENTS NOT INDIFFERENT

All documents will be disseminated through leaflets and posters, but also through this blog and the following contacts:

1. Mailinglist
2. facebook group
3. Forum

Day November 10, 2008 meeting will be held authorized which will start at 10:00 am in the Chamber Capocelli. Are invited to attend all students, but also the faculty. During the assembly we will be able to submit proposals and ideas, but also further discuss the key points of the protest. Here 's the official notice site www.unisob.na.it

Ikusa Otome Suviavol.2

Vitriola - Montefiorino (Mo)

tower-house Cà dè Borlenghi Vitriola in (XII)

Vitriola's Court constituted the lower part of the Lands of the Abbey, and was placed in Go Dragon, in Val Dolo and little part in the Go Secchia.
The core of the court was Vitriola Vitriola, in the resort also known as the Court today, and there stood the castle of Vitriola, with its church of St. Andrew the Apostle.
Castle Vitriola was of no great importance as a defensive work, because situated in a flat, but it was large enough, and serves to hold the agricultural products harvested in the land by court employees, and residence of the steward. It consisted of three tall square towers, high at a distance of about twenty meters from each 'other, arranged in a triangle, joint and partially surrounded by other buildings around the compound wall, with entrance from the east [1]. The church of St.
Vitriola Andrew the Apostle, which stood below and to the east of the castle still exists and it is probably the same raised by the same Margravine Beatrice shortly before 1071, although largely rebuilt, enlarged and restored. It was originally a single nave, with wooden ceiling, with narrow choir, and externally clad in sandstone, squared and finished with a chisel. Had internal dimensions of about eighteen arms wide, and long arms around forty-four [2].
Between the castle and the church was strewn Vitriola a meadow, called Pra 'Donico or church lawn, now belonging to the parish benefice. In the midst of this lawn a fresh gushing and perennial spring called Fontana Donica, which still remains.
Vitriola The court then consisted of a core cultivated within a reasonable radius around the castle, but that extended especially in the area below the church.
The slope between the castle and the overlying Vitriola Montefiorino mountain was covered with thick undergrowth. The same mountain Montefiorino was likewise covered with dense forest, and, on it, no castle nor other house there in 1071 [3]. The jurisdiction of the court of
Vitriola extended into the villas Vitriola, Cerredolo, Cisana, Massa, Cornil, Mogno Montestefano, Rubbiano Gusciola, Farneta Costrignano, Susano, Savoniero.
between the courts' s Abbey, to Vitriola was the most populous and the most profitable.
Enjoying a mild climate, there is also abundantly cultivated the vine, and its forests were mostly of oak and chestnut trees. ***

Vitriola is remembered in the Chapter of Modena a scroll of 4 March 1054. In
This day, by act of the notary notarized Tamfredo in Modena, Modena bishop of Guibert granted for level Fredolfo son from another Fredolfo Vitriola, free man, a land Vitriola place in town called Carfagna [4], area of \u200b\u200bten acres, measured with the legitimate pole twelve feet high-quality arable land, grassland, fallow, woodland, for twenty-nine years, with annual rent of sixpence 's silver doilies, to be paid in March in Modena.
declaring that the land is because of the bishop of Modena, which had already been granted was in level at Girard, grandfather of the said Fredolfo. Witnesses to
' note are Robert, John, Rozzone, Ingezzone and Andrew. ***

Subsequently, the said body of land named or Carfagna Carfagna, is divided by half: they remain the children of Fredolfo appointed five acres on the side of the south, and the other five acres on the north side return to the bishop of Modena, who shall refer them to Hugh Vitriola.
fact, an act of the notary Ugo of June 1103, the bishop of Modena Dodone grants under precarious level and to Hugh son of the late Guido da Vitriola until the third generation, half of a piece of land work and wooded reason the diocese of St. Gemini Modena, located in area called Carfagno; extended this half five acres, bordered on the morning of the monastery from the ground dominica [5], at noon, the children of the late Fredolfo [6] to the west from the street, on the north by the Serra del Monte [ 7] for the annual fee of three denier bunting, to be paid each year in March.
L 'document is written in the Parish of Polinago, and carries the autograph signature of Bishop Dodone. Witnesses from Rainero Rancidoro, son of the late Bellincione Rozzone and Girard de Corvo / o.

Photo: tower house in Ca de Borlenghi Vitriola (XII)

From: Guido
Bucciari: Montefiorino and the lands of the Abbey of Frassinoro
Stab. Type-lit. Paul Foschi, C., 1985

----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
[1] Castle Vitriola still existed in 1320. - In 1442 no further mention is made of the castle, has almost certainly fallen, but only the towers. - After the towers collapsed or were demolished or. - At the beginning of last century, the residues of the three towers were lots about five meters in height, but retained the stone in time, dividing the ground floor from the first floor. - The section of the south tower it was then, around the year 1860, was used by Dr. Pacific Vandelli to rise above a house. - The sections of the other two towers, the worst in static conditions, were completely demolished during the past century.

[2] In 1841 the parish priest Don Giuseppe Carani enlarged, restored and partly remade the church, but preserving the main facade and part of the two side walls in their original condition.
- Near the church there, on the south side, a square tower five stories high, with a single order of all windows' top floor, and other planes equipped with loopholes. You access it by ' interior of the church. Served as a bell and once for house of monaco rector of the church. This old tower was later torn down in February 1875.

[3] All the historians and chroniclers of Frignano, lived far from the Lands of the Abbey, perhaps unaware that a house had existed in Vitriola, believed that the castle had been to Montefiorino Vitriola, why? 4ontefiorino was part his court. But the castles and Vitriola Montefiorino were two different things. Castle Montefiorino arose much later, when the castle of Vitriola was disappearing, owing to its imperfect Deila defensive function. When his castle Montefiorino, construct in place more suitable for the defense, rose to primary importance to Vitriola was neglected and unmaintained, collapsed.

[4] There is still this town and is found in the vicinity of today's home village of Fox.

[5] The land of the monastery of Frassinoro Donica, an official from the court of Vitriola.

[6] The children of that Fredolfo of which is a word in the document of 1054 quoted above.

[7] The greenhouse above the village that this Ca 'del Monte in Vitriola.

Kates Playground Vİdeo

The Way of The Way of Salt Salt

The salt route was a path that once fed the salt trade. There is no single salt route and the various peoples of Emilia, Lombardy and Piedmont each had its own network of paths and connections to take the goods, mainly wool and weapons to the sea and recover the salt, then valued for food preservation.

link the Po Valley to Liguria or the French territories of Provence, allowed the sale of this precious material, which is essential for food and food preservation, difficulty in finding regions of the north far from the sea.

• The salt roads ran through the Emilian Trebbia Val di Taro.
• The Salt Road Lombard Staffora followed throughout the valley (province of Pavia), along the ridge that divides the valley Borbera (province of Alessandria) from Val BorECO (province of Piacenza) across the mountain to get Antola val Trebrbia to Torriglia, a meeting with the Path of Piedmont and Emilia and Genova easily reached from there.
• One of the ways of the salt Piedmont put in communication with the territory Saluzzo Dauphiné and Provence, France, through the tunnel of Buco di Viso.
• north-south axis using the Alpine passes and allowed Salt transiting through the Italian Alps to overcome: it is an example Stockalperweg that, Domodrossola, the Val di Bognanco, passed over the Simplon Pass and down to Brig in Valais (Switzerland).

History

After the fall of the Lombards by Charlemagne to the Holy Roman Empire formed the Imperial estates in order to maintain a safe passage to the sea; assigned these territories for the faithful families that dominated for centuries these feuds, controlling the valleys and ensuring, in exchange for taxes, the safety of convoys.

Where possible, the plain, they preferred to carry out transport by river to save costs, in large barges that arrived to carry up to 60 tons of salt load.

transport over rough terrain was carried on mules as the narrow and uncomfortable mule tracks that climb the slopes and valleys did not allow the passage of wagons.

Today the streets of the salt have lost their commercial value, have become a destination for hiking and trekking, winding in integrated and special natural interest.

In the Valais, to facilitate the transportation of salt was even built a canal, the canal Stockalper, in the Rhone valley.

Section from www.wikipedia.org

Boptropica Vurtiunal World Like Poptropica

Lombard Street

The Salt Road Lombard is an ancient route that allowed the salt trade Pavia putting in communication with Genoa. Through this route passing goods from the north, especially wool and weapons, to reach the port of Genoa for the return trip was loaded salt, precious material difficult to find in areas far from the sea, which is essential for food preservation and tanning leather.

Path

The road followed the valley Staffora (Pavia), along the ridge Borbera that divides the valley (province of Alessandria) from Val BorECO (Piacenza) to fall in the Trebbia.

The route heads south from Pavia, roads and mule tracks, passing Voghera, you Staffora Late in the valley, passing through Varzi, go up the valley to the village of Castellaro, Bogleglio climbed the mountain (1492 m), passing on ridge for monrte Chiappo (1700 m), Mount Cavalmurone, Mount Lregnà, Mount Carmo and rmonte Antola (1597 m) descend to Torriglia in the Trebbia meeting point with the traces of Piedmont and Emilia and there easily reach Genoa via the pass of Scoffera.

History

After the fall of the Lombards by Charles rMagno the Holy Roman Empire formed the Imperial estates in order to maintain a safe passage to the sea, gave these territories faithful families who dominated For centuries these feuds.

Valleys: Staffora Borbera, Curone Trebbia, you, Slim, were under the dominion of the Malaspina family, in agreement with the city of Pavia, to ensure the flow of goods through its territory and levying taxes on taxes and guaranteed the safety of goods and protection of travelers. The opening of this road to the sea had become the village of Varzi a mall of great importance with shops, warehouses, and protected by a castle surrounded by walls.

transport sacks of salt was carried by mule, the mule tight and uncomfortable that climb the slopes of course did not allow the passage of wagons. A network with points of the stage, offered to men and animals, stables and accommodation for this long voyage.

Today the salt road, lost its commercial value, has become a destination for hiking and trekking, winding in an environment of great natural interest.

There are three areas of protection:

• the Alpine Garden Stone Corva at Romagnese in val Tidone established in 1967 to preserve the botanical species of high altitude.
• the nature reserve of Mount Alps (province of Pavia), established in 1983.
• the dell'Antola Regional Park in the province of Genoa, established in 1995.

taken from wikipedia.org

the salt road

park upstream Antola

Ikusa Otome Suviavol.3

abbots

The via the abbots is a path that connects Bobbio with the city of Rome. Was covered by the monks of the abbey of St. Columbanus of Bobbio to travel to visit the Pope and for the control and trade with the possessions of the monastery that stretched as far as Tuscany.

History

This street was of great importance to communications between the north and Rome through the monasteries of the cornerstones formats: Bobbio, Gravago, Torresana Court, and Pontremoli, the foundation of the Abbey of St. Columban Bobbio, in 614 and his monastic estate until it started declining after the year one thousand. Only after the Rotar Lombard king conquered the fortress of Cisa, previously controlled by the Byzantines, ^[1] between the late seventh century and the beginning of the next step of the mountain Bardone (current step of the Cisa) became feasible and the most popular route was the one of Via Francigena. The importance of the monastery of St. Columba went beyond the religious, however, conspicuous for the burial of St. Columban, was center of cultural diffusion, its scriptorium produced mined and guarded codes, economic power, having jurisdiction over extended possessions, political influence strong support for the real and the caliber of its abbots were of European origin.

The economic power of the monastery of interest sparked battles between bishops and communes, in the seventh century to the twelfth century, the travels of abbots in Rome, to obtain confirmation of power, ownership and autonomy of the monastery, were frequent among them include that of Abbot Bertulfo who went to Rome in 628 by Pope Honorius I for the bubble of autonomy against the claims of Bishop of Tortona Probo first case of exemption of an abbey from episcopal jurisdiction ^{[2] and that of} 'Abbot Bobuleno , Rotari sent by the king in 643 in Rome by Pope Theodore . The autonomy of the monastery no longer only in the thirteenth century, when it passes under the power of the Bishop of Bobbio.

The Irish pilgrims

The visit of the tomb of Saint Columba was an obligatory stop in the pilgrimage to Rome for travelers in Ireland, already in 862 the monks of Bobbio welcome these pilgrims drawn into the hospice at the church of Santa Brigida in Piacenza.

Route

The road ran through the media Trebbia high val Nure, passed in the valley through the Val Ceno of Taro to descend into the valley of the Magra for a total of 105 Km .

Bobbio-Boccolo de 'rates

exact route of the first part I am not certain documents were found, leaving the valley Thresh, probably going from Coli, through the high val Nure Mareto and after passing through the ford of the river Nure went back to Groppazzolo for the pass and down into the valley of Linguadà Ceno, through Boccolo de 'rates where there was hospice (xenodochio) St. Peter's under the control of ^[3] .

Boccolo de 'Bardi-Rates-Borgotaro

The road entering the valley through the Ceno Bardi (Lombard fortress), where he was part of the way of the monasteries registered (from the monastery of Val di Tolla to step up to the Bardi and Pellizzone to Gravago), going Noveglia of the valley, a tributary of Ceno, touched Gravaglia monastery founded in 737 and guarded by a fort, which declined in Borgo Val di Taro where the monastery of Bobbio had the curtis Turrexana the Turris Roman controlled settlement: the passage through a bridge on the river Taro, passing the mouth of the Val Ceno and the road to Pontremoli.

Borgotaro-Pontremoli

Borgotaro two road goes from the watershed via the montis Burgalis ^{Early Medieval [4]} with the Hospice of San Bartolomeo on the pass and the way of the Borgalli Brattello, medieval, both went down to Pontremoli. The city, which was fortified, had the monastery of St. John and St. Columba's Church built by the monks of Bobbio the confluence of the Magra and Verde, now demolished.

The way today

The track is now covered on foot or horseback, with little variation from the historic route, due to landslides and road sections that no longer exist. The entire trip was published in the Travel Guide Riding Trails Emilia-Romagna in 2003 and is located on the maps:

• stretch of Bobbio-Bruzzi map TCI \\ OTP 1:50.000 GEA
• stretch-Bruzzi-Bardi Comune di Bardi CAI Osacca cartography 1:25.000
• tract Osacca Borgotaro-CAI-Pontremoli mapping Emilia-Romagna (sheet 2 and 3) 1:50.000

On 3 and 4 May 2008 is covered in two days from the first edition of the race 105 The Abbots Way Ultra Trail 2008.

Notes

1. G Redoano Coppedè the roads of the Tuscan-Ligurian-Emilian proceedings of the conference Borgo Taro 1998
2. M. Tosi, S. Columbanus of Bobbio, in: Benedictine Monasteries in Emilia Romagna, edited by G. Spinelu, Milano 1980, p. 17-31.
3. C. Onion - G. Buzzi Diplomatic Code of the Monastery of St. Columbanus of Bobbio to the year MCCVIII (Bridges for the History of Italy 52,53,54), Rome 1918 (reprinted Turin 1966-70), I-III.
4. M. Giuliani, "The Way of Borgalli, the" pagus Vignolensis "and the" castrum Grundulae "," Historical Archives of the Province of Parma s. IV, 6, 1954, p. 51-77

Bibliography

• C. Onion - G. Buzzi Diplomatic Code of the Monastery of St. Columbanus of Bobbio to the year MCCVIII (Bridges for the History of Italy 52,53,54), Rome 1918 (reprinted Turin 1966-70)
• S. Maggi - Carmen ArtocchiniI The castles of the Piacentino (Civitas 2), Piacenza 1967
• E. Falconi - R. Peveri (ed.): The Magnum Registrum the City of Piacenza, Milan 1984-1997
• Peter Chiappelloni a journey to Rome by Bobbio - The route of the Abbots "Archivum bobiense" - journal of the Historical Archives Bobiensi N.ro XXVI 2004
• Giovanni La Via Magistretti Abbots Parma, volume LVIII of & # 8217; Historical Archives of the Province of Parma - Deputation of National History of the Prov. Parm. 2007

www.wikipedia.org

Janusz Geiger Gliwice

Via Vandelli

map of northern Italy in 1796 with the Duchy of Modena

The Via Vandelli comes at the behest of the Duke Francesco III d ' Este and connects the city originally Mass and Modena.

The Duchy of Modena had the need to secure access to the sea within its borders (corresponding roughly to the present province of Modena, Reggio Emilia, the Garfagnana and the coast of Massa and Carrara). For this reason, the geographer and mathematician Domenico Vandelli was asked to draw the path, which runs in a rough environment through the Apennines and then through the Alps, on the slopes of Monte Tambura. The additional constraint was that the route should not cross the Papal States, or the Duchy of Lucca, or the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

It took nearly fifteen years of hard work, between 1738 and 1751, to complete the work: he had in fact come to have a road that climbed along the steep sides of mountains up to 1634 meters pitch Tambura. The route, which remains inaccessible in its path because of too many constraints on a territorial and often blocked by snow in winter, it was seldom used. The robbers were a threat to travelers who takes it and quickly suffered a sharp decline.

Today a massive restoration work done by the Municipality of Massa and the Natural Park of the Apuan Alps has returned to its ancient splendor part of the track, namely that portion which runs between the step and Resceto Tambura.

taken from wikipedia.org

Sasusaku Doujinshi Beach

ViaFrancigena I

The ViaFrancigena , formerly called Francesca Via Romea or and that sometimes Franchigena , is the path of a pilgrimage from Canterbury to Rome and was one of the most important lines of communication European Middle Ages.

ViaFrancigena

The pilgrimage to Rome, visiting the tomb of the apostle Peter was one of three in the Middle Ages peregrinationes maiores with the Earth Santra and Santiago de Compostela. ^[1] why Italy had always traveled by pilgrims from all over Europe to Rome. In most cases, pilgrims followed the Roman roads. The pilgrims mainly from France began to enter Italy from the Montgenevre pass, giving the road from there arrived in Rome on behalf of Francigena , that of the French. The route then took part of that vast network of marked trails and roads of Europe and pilgrimage that linked all the major places of spirituality of the time.

The presence of these routes, with the vast amount of people from cultures very different from each other, has led to an exceptional step of signs, emblems, cultures and languages \u200b\u200bof the Christian West. Are still found on the territory of the memories of this passage that has deeply structured settlement patterns and traditions of the places visited. A passage that allowed the different European cultures to communicate and get in touch, forging the basis for cultural, artistic, economic and political life of modern Europe, is known phrase of the poet Goethe that the conscience of Europe was founded on pilgrimage routes. The report

Travel oldest dates back to 990 where it is described in 79 stages the return journey from Rome to Sigerico, Archbishop of Canterbury. The information contained in the chronicle of Sigerico, as well as those from the diary of Nicolas Munkathvera, party all the way from Thule are very useful to determine what was the original route of the Francigena. Il testo originario della cronaca recita:

« Adventus archiespiscopi nostri Sigeric ad Romam : primitus ad limitem beati Petri apostoli : deinde ad Sanctam Mariarn scolarn Anglorum: ad Sanctum Lauren­tium in craticula : ad Sanctum Valentinum in ponte Molui : ad Sanctam Agnes : ad Sanctum Laurentium foris murum : ad Sanctum Sebastianum : ad Sanctum Anasta­sium : ad Sanctum Paulum : ad Sanctum Bonefatium : ad Sanctam Savinam : ad Sanctam Mariam scolam Graecarn : ad Sanctam Ceciliam : ad Sanctum Crisogo­num : ad Sanctam Mariam Transtyberi : ad Sanctum Pancratium. Deinde reversi sunt in domum.

Mane ad Sanctam Mariam rotundam : ad sanctos apostolos : ad Sanctus Johan­nes in Laterane. Inde reficimus cum domini apostolico Johanno : deinde ad Jerusa­lem : ad Sanctam Mariam majorem : ad Sanctum Petrum ad Vincula : ad Sanctum Laurentium ubi corpus ejus assatus fuit. Iste sunt submansiones de Roma usque ad mare. I Urbs Roma. Il Johannis VIIII. III Bacane. IlIl Suteria. V Furcari. VI Sce Valentine. VII Sce Flaviane. VIII Sca Cristina. IX Aquapendente.

X Sce Petir in Pail. XI Abricula. XII Sce Quiric. XIII Turreiner. XIV Arbia. XV Seocine. XVI Burgenove. XVII Aelse. XVIII Sce Martin in Fosse. XIX Sce Gemiane. XX Sce Maria Glan. XXI Sce Peter Currant. XXII Sce Dionisii. XXIII Arne Blanca. XXIII Aqua Nigra. XXV Forcri. XXVI Luca. XXVII Campmaior. XXVIII –Luna. XXIX Sce Stephane. XXX Aguilla. XXXI Puntremel. XXXII Sce Benedicte. XXXIII Sce Moder Anne. Philemangenur XXXIV. Metan XXXV. Sce Domnine XXXVI. Floricum XXXVII. Placentia XXXVIII. Sce Andrea XXXIX. XL Sce Cristine. Pamphica XLI. XLII Tremel. Vercel XLIII. XLIV Sca Agathe. XLV Everi. Publei XLVI. XLVII Agusta. XLVIII Remei Sce. XLIX Petr Castel. L Ursiores. LI Sce Maurici. LII Burbulei. LIII Vivaec. LIV Losanna. LV Urba. LVI Antifern. LVII Punterlin. Nos. LVIII. LIX Bysiceon. LX Cuscei. LXI Sefui. Grenant LXII. LXIII Oisma. LXIV Blaecuile. LXV Bar. LXVI Breone. LXVII Domaniant. Funtaine LXVIII. Chateluns LXIX. Rems LXX. LXXI Corbunei. LXXII Mundlothuin. Lxxiii Martinwaeth. LXXIV Dune. LXXV Atherats. Bruwaei LXXVI. LXXVII Teranburh. Lxxviii Gisne. LXXX Sumeran. »

^[2]

A partire Since 1994 the ViaFrancigena was declared "Cultural Route of the Council of Europe" assuming, like the Camino de Santiago de Compostela, a supra-national dignity.

Path

spread over a 1,600 km route from Canterbury, and comes to Dover to cross the English Channel, from Calais via Reims, Besançorn Lausanne and you get to the Alps that are passed to the Great St. Bernard. Dalla Valle d'Aosta is down to Vercelli, Pavia, crossing the Apennines between the provinces of Piacenza and Parma. Continue from Pontremoli to Lucca, Porcari, Alton, San Gimignano, Colle di Val d'Elsa, Poggibonsi, Siena, Viterbo and ends in Rome.

cities crossed by the original thirty-three are: Canterbury, Calais, Bruay, Arras, Reims, Châlons-sur-Marne, Bar-sur-Aube, Besançon, Pontarlier, Lausanne, Gran San Bernardo, Aosta, Ivrea, Santhià Vercelli, Pavia (detour to Bobbio), Piacenza, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Bicester, (detour to Parma), Fornovo of Taro, Pontremoli, Batesville, Luni, Lucca, Porcari, Altoprascio, San Genesio, San Gimignano, Siena, San Quirico d'Orcia, Bolsena, Viterbo, Sutri, Rome.

Sigerico took 79 days to go, mostly on foot, all 1,600 km of route. The average distance of travel was then about 20 km per day.

The passage of the Po: the ford of Sigerico

The Pilgrim's column in the ancient port of Calendasco Soprarivo ViaFrancigena

Detail map of the late 1500s where can see that the country with the castle, the church and the hospitia of pilgrims, the map shows the whole Francigena bound for the port Po

Calendasco (PC) is part of ViaFrancigena or Romea, as the ' Archbishop of Canterbury Sigerico here crossed the Po River in 990 AD during his trip to Rome to receive the investiture by the pope But even more remarkable is that here was the ancient Roman port of Piacenza (historical memories recall a emporium, which was quite logical arrived at a port where goods). The ViaFrancigena is reported in papers of 1140, 1187, 1056, where we find the aforementioned "strata romea" passing "in eodem Kalendasco site. At the port of

Calendasco boats had to pay a tax for docking or for transit only in the direction of Venice and Pavia: the location is on stream (Super rivum) today equipped with a small port in the service of pilgrims and tourists.

An agreement between Piacenza ed i ferraresi stipulato a Ferrara il 5 novembre 1181 riporta:

«[...] et Ferrariensis debe esse salvus et custoditus in persona et in habere in Placentia et in districtu Placentie, et non debet dare aliquam dationem in Placentia vel in districtu Placentie, nisi duos solidos de fune navis et unam libram piperis super rivum et unam aliam libram piperis ad roncarolum de sterio [...]». ^[3]

Liutprando mantenne i privilegi al porto di questo luogo con un documento del 715 e Carlo Magno li ribadì per tre importanti motivi quali l'importanza della strada romana consolare Placentia-Ticinum, il porto fluviale con la riscossione della gabella e la presenza del castello e del recetto con funzione di avamposti prossimi the city.

Sigerico coming from Piacenza, following the romea strata, at the port of Calendasco Po, where was the passage of the former ViaFrancigena, on the Roman road Placentia - Ticinum (Piacenza, Pavia) crosses the river, as well as many other Pilgrims, merchants, and medieval travelers. A Calendasco pilgrims were dining at the old Franciscan hospitale.

This City on the outskirts of Piacenza is part of the "European Association of Vie Francigene" and deserved a wide quote with references to historical documents about the passage of the Po, in the 'Scientific Dossier' on ViaFrancigena desired by the Council of Europe the Jubilee of 2000. Today the town of Calendasco is able to offer to pilgrims and tourists, the service of two river piers.

Variants

The constraints for pilgrims and travelers had to overcome were the English Channel, the Alps and the Apennines over the river Po While the first two there were not many alternatives to cross the Apennines there were several possibilities. Even for crossing the river Po problems could exist in the case of full points but equipped for the transition were well known and always kept active, because these places usually also act as a 'haven' for ships carrying goods. An example is the Lambro river that flows into the Po saw its efficient port to be maintained that the documents they say 'Mediolanense' (Milan).

the stretch of the Via Cassia, leading from the Po Valley to Tuscany, there were several variants path that exploited the various passes back through the Trebbia and Bobbio (Via degli Abati), or the Val di Taro, or other minor valleys. Recent studies have highlighted the Francigena of Sambuca, a variant that followed the course of the Rhine to Porretta Terme and Pistoia to go through the ancient castle of Pistoia and Sambuca Passo della Collina. Another variant of the Apennines was sometimes used, at least for some sections, the Via Flaminia lower (between Bologna and Tuscany).
A variant of the mountain via Francigena crosses the Alps at the Val di Susa, and goes to the Abbey and the Abbey of St. Anthony of Novalesa Ranverso to reach Turin and then rejoin the main route. Further south, after the death of Saint Francis and his elevation to the altars, many deviated from the ancient pilgrims route to visit Assisi.

The Francigena today

After the discovery, which occurred in the seventies, the Camino de Santiago, it was realized that in Italy there was a similar pilgrimage route, the route. As had happened to the English fire, even the location of the Francigena lay almost entirely under the asphalt of the highway and state that, over time, they had retraced the path of those who already had been the main streets of the Middle Ages and the Roman. The interest, at first limited to scholars, later extended to many who, after having walked the Camino de Santiago, wanted to get to Rome on foot, as it was possible to arrive at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, has spawned a network of enthusiasts Francigena that with paint and brush, have begun to mark trails and paths. Where possible we tried to recover the original route, but sometimes you have chosen to deviate from the historic trails in favor of and quiet roads. Noting the increasing interest in the Camino de Santiago, is now clear that the Francigena is a treasure from the tourism point of view, and if this led the government to become aware of the importance of the phenomenon has even led some to take advantage, For example, by diverting the path just to get through and around that bar or that other restaurant.

Nevertheless, thanks to some media interest, such as a radio series for Radio Rai Tre dedicated to Francigena ^[4] documentaries and the publication of several guides is increasing the number of people who, for religious reasons or not, goes the old backpacker path.

1. " Peregrini can be understood in two ways, one broad and one narrow: wide, weird as it is anyone is out of his country so close if not mean weird not those who go to the house of Sa 'Jacopo or returns. However, it is to know that in three ways it is even called the people who go to the service of the Most High, is called palmers as they go overseas, so often bear the palm are called pilgrims as they go to the house of Galicia, however, that the burial of Sa 'Iacopo fue far side of his home and of any other apostle, who are called to be in Rome Romei "

   ( Dante Alighieri, Vita Nuova )

2. from the original document
3. card is located in 'The Magnum Registrum the City of Piacenza' in voll.III, ed. Giuffrè, Milan 1985, paper n.215
4. Radio Network has organized daily broadcasts at every stage, with the direct participation of its director Sergio Valzania.

Bibliography

• Kerschbaum & Gattinger, Via Francigena - DVD, adventure for the pilgrims, ISBN 3200005009, publisher: EUROVIA, Vienna 2005
• Giovanni Caselli, Via Romea, the Way of God , Giunti Gruppo Editoriale SpA, Florence, 1990
• The ViaFrancigena, the ford of the Po G. and U. Battini, Banca di Piacenza, Piacenza 1998
• Luciano Pisoni, Aldo Galli. Via Francigena . ISBN 8884010462.
• A. Alberti, G. Borgianelli-Spina, E. Fiorentini, R. Villani. trails along the Via Francigena from Siena to Rome . Rome, ed. RAI-ERI, 2005. ISBN 8839713441.
• Monica D'Instruments and Franco Cinti. Guide to the Via Francigena . Milano, Terre di Mezzo, 2006. ISBN 8889385650.

External links

• Site platform of the pilgrim and the pilgrim. - ViaFrancigena
• The ViaFrancigena in Canavese
• The route guidance, the outlook
• European Association of Vie Francigene
• ViaFrancigena in Italy
• Centro Studi Romei
• routes medieval resources for the study of medieval bridges
• light: a project for the reactivation of spiritual paths
• FrancigenaXXI: From Canterbury to Rome in the footsteps of travelers and pilgrims
• Caupona Sigerico: Cultural Recreational Sports Club, in charge of ferrying pilgrims to ford Sigerico
• The ViaFrancigena on localport: Classic and
• Pilgrimage information with map

taken from www.wikipedia.org

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The ViaFrancigena

The ViaFrancigena , Franchigena sometimes called, is the route of a pilgrimage from Canterbury to Rome and was one of the most important roads in the European Middle Ages. The report

Travel oldest dates back to 990 where it is described in 79 stages the return journey from Rome to Sigerico, Archbishop of Canterbury. Is an exceptional step of signs, emblems, cultures and languages \u200b\u200bof the Christian West. Are still found on the territory of the memories of this passage that has deeply structured settlement patterns along the route and the path. A shift that has allowed the different European cultures to communicate and get in touch, forging the basis for cultural, artistic, economic and politics of modern Europe.

Since 1994 the ViaFrancigena was declared "Cultural Route of the Council of Europe" assuming, like the Camino de Santiago, a supra-national dignity.

spread over a 1,600 km route from Canterbury, and comes to Dover to cross the English Channel, from Calais via Reims, Besancon and Lausanne to get to the Alps that are passed to the Great St. Bernard. Dalla Valle d'Aosta is down to Vercelli, Pavia, crossing the Apennines between the provinces of Piacenza and Parma. Continue from Pontremoli to Lucca, San Gimrignano, Poggibornsi, Siena, Viterbo and ends in Rome.

Sigerico took 79 days to traverse, on foot of course, all of the 1,600 km journey. The average distance of travel was then about 20 km per day.

The constraints for pilgrims and travelers had to overcome were the English Channel, the Alps and the Apennines. While the first two did not exist many alternatives to cross the Apennines there were several possibilities. In the stretch of the Via Cassia, leading from the Po Valley to Tuscany, there were several variants path that exploited the various passes up the valley of Trebbia rather than the valley of the Taro or other minor valleys.

Taken from wikipedia.org

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